Frodo with his companion Sam Gamgee were hailed as heroes. Sauron was destroyed forever and his spirit dissipated. The end of the Third Age marked the end of the dominion of the Elves and the beginning of the dominion of Men. As the Fourth Age began, many of the Elves who had lingered in Middle-earth left for Valinor, never to return; those who remained behind would "fade" and diminish. The Dwarves eventually dwindled away as well.
The dwarves eventually returned to and resettled Moria. Peace was restored between Gondor and the lands to the south and east. Eventually, the tales of the earlier Ages became legends, the truth behind them forgotten.
Tolkien passed away in All further works were edited by Christopher Tolkien. Only The Silmarillion portrays itself as a finished work — the others are collections of notes and draft versions.
The History of Middle-earth series:. Anderson explains that, since the Rings books were published almost fifty years ago, numerous emendations and corrections to grammar, word-choice, and punctuation and repairs to their internal consistency have been made through the various editions; while many such corrections were by Tolkien's own request such as specific and intentional word choices made by Tolkien in his original manuscript, but omitted or 'corrected' in later editions by overly-zealous editors , revisions that would have required rewriting portions of the narrative instead of simple corrections were left unmade to preserve the integrity of the text.
In Letter to Christopher Tolkien , Tolkien set out his policy regarding film adaptations of his works: "Art or Cash". The rights are currently in the hands of Middle-earth Enterprises , which has no relation to the Tolkien Estate , which retains film rights to The Silmarillion and other works.
The first adaptation to be shown was The Hobbit in , made by Rankin-Bass studios. This was initially shown on United States television. The following year , a movie entitled The Lord of the Rings was released, produced and directed by Ralph Bakshi ; it was an adaptation of the first half of the story, using rotoscope animation.
Although relatively faithful to the story, it was only a minor commercial success but not entirely well received by critics.
However, this did not follow on directly from the end of the Bakshi film. Plans for a live-action version would wait until the late s to be realised. The films were a huge box office and critical success and together won seventeen Oscars at least one in each applicable category for a fictional, English language, live-action feature film, except in the acting categories. However, in adapting the works to film, changes in the storyline and characters were made, which upset some fans of the books.
The Hobbit film series, a live-action adaptation of The Hobbit was also made as a prequel to The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, produced in New Zealand under the direction of Peter Jackson. The first and second films were released in December and respectively while the third film was released in In , the biopic film Tolkien was released, portraying the experiences of J. R Tolkien before and during World War I , and how those events inspired the works taking place in Middle-earth.
The works of Tolkien have been a major influence on role-playing games along with others such as Robert E. Howard , Fritz Leiber , H. Lovecraft , and Michael Moorcock.
A Middle-earth play-by-mail game was originally run by Game Systems Inc. Simulations Publications created three war games based on Tolkien's work. War of the Ring covered most of the events in the Lord of the Rings trilogy.
EA Games has released games for the gaming consoles and the PC platform. Apart from this game, many commercial computer games have been released. Some of these derived their rights from the Estate, such as The Hobbit — others from the movie and merchandising rights. The University of California, Irvine has an undergraduate housing village called Middle Earth, containing dormitory halls named Hobbiton, Rohan, Isengard, and Mirkwood, among many others.
Articles about Middle-earth by Explore Wikis Community Central. Register Don't have an account? View source. However, while the mill is still standing, the area is now surrounded by Birmingham's suburbs. As for the hobbits' homes and their eye-catching round doors, some people claim they were based on ruins at Lydney Park, in Gloucestershire.
In , Tolkien, then a professor of Anglo-Saxon at Oxford University, visited an archaeological dig at the estate on the site of a Roman temple, known as Dwarf's Hill. It is thought that he was then told about an inscribed gold ring found in a Hampshire field in , also linked to a Roman curse tablet discovered at Dwarf's Hill. Tolkien is believed to have started writing The Hobbit, about a Halfling who finds a cursed ring, a year later. There is debate over whether the horse-riders of Rohan are based on the Anglo-Saxons.
Tolkien wrote the characters did not resemble "the ancient English Despite this, many academics link Rohan to one of the most powerful kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England - Mercia, which was based in the Midlands where Tolkien spent much of his youth.
Some also say the riders' names are rooted in the Mercian dialect. The Lord of the Rings author "lived the book as we walked, sometimes comparing parts of the hills with, for instance, the White Mountains" that marked the border between Rohan and Gondor, he said. He did not approach his art as an obsession or a battlefield. A man of strong opinions, he nevertheless strove to establish peace and reconciliation in his academic roles. He aimed to understand in depth, and respected the work of others.
Tolkien, A Biography. This should be supplemented by The Letters of J. Tolkien by Humphrey Carpenter and Christopher Tolkien. Have a look at our Books about Tolkien page for a more exhaustive list of suggestions. You can also contact our Education Secretary at education tolkiensociety. Five titles are available from Penguin Books with thorough introductions under the byline Legends from the Ancient North :. These contain late nineteenth-century texts which may have been known to Tolkien. Several are also illustrated by the most popular contemporary illustrations of the time, and all are introduced by fantasy author Cecilia Dart-Thornton.
The full list is:. This is a difficult question. Tolkien was a good writer, and he understood how language works from the inside out. He wrote about fantastical beings in such detail, and placed his characters in believable settings and situations that makes his narratives acceptable to almost all open-minded imaginative readers. He provides a lot of background to what he writes, people find that the story of The Lord of the Rings echoes all sorts of dilemmas that belong to the present day as well as the world of the imagination.
Tolkien won few awards during his lifetime. Awards for books were not so commonplace as they are today and, even today, awards rarely spot a classic in the making. Letters of J. Tolkien , Letter It is not true, as has sometimes been suggested, that the book was obscure until it was released in US paperback. The Silmarillion won the Locus Award for Litt by the University of Dublin in Ireland that same year.
In both cases this was for his contribution to his field of philology and medieval literature in general, and his services to the universities in particular as a contributing examiner and researcher. This was not of course for his fiction. In , the year before his death, J. Tolkien was honoured as a C. Commander of the Order of the British Empire for his contribution to literature, and also probably even more important to him awarded an honorary Doctorate of Letters by Oxford University for his contribution to philology.
To the end of his days, Tolkien never applied for a PhD, although he had done work at that level many times over, and held three Professorial chairs in his life. Reaney and Wilson in A Dictionary of English Surnames Oxford lists the form Revel, which is from a French name Revel l and variants one of which is Reuel , from the Old French for a sportsman, reveller or rebel, ultimately from the Latin for a rebel. Therefore the Biblical Reuel if Hebrew and the French Revel are two different and unrelated names, and either is a possibility.
The Tolkien family at that time were ordinarily devout Christian Protestants, but the naming of a child for a relative or friend is often intended as a tribute or spiritual tie, so the namesake was probably someone of importance to John Benjamin Tolkien.
Beyond this, the reason for this unusual name is a mystery. Or at least, not any time soon. The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings have, of course, been adapted a number of times on screen. Film rights to The Silmarillion have never been sold, and it remains unlikely that they ever will be. It has been speculated that copyright protection on The Silmarillion will expire in and will then be free for anyone to adapt.
Under UK law, copyright protection lasts for 70 years after the author dies Tolkien died in While the legality is therefore somewhat ambiguous, it is clear that The Silmarillion will not enter the public domain for a very long time.
You can. What you need to start a Tolkien society, mainly, is a way of letting other Tolkien readers in your area know that you want to start a society or club, or group, or moot, or association etc.
Then make sure you keep in touch by having meetings and if you wish to publishing a bulletin now and then. This is how The Tolkien Society started in Our founder Vera Chapman put a small advertisement in a widely-read literature and current affairs magazine asking people to contact her, and then arranged a meeting at an inn in London. Then someone volunteered to host a meeting in their house, and so it went on. Sometimes these things start from very small beginnings.
We were one of the first, although there was at least one long-lasting Tolkien society in America before us. Many have come after, sometimes out of the blue, sometimes starting as a smial of the Tolkien Society, sometimes as a sub-group of another local group. Our membership fees basically pays for our publications, and the essential administration to run the Society. Here are the most important locations in the The Lord of the Rings and its backstory.
Arda The world, created by Ilvatar, the high god in Tolkien's stories. At first Arda was flat, encircled by a great sea. However, when Ilvatar changed the shape of the world and destroyed the island of Nmenor , the world was made into a sphere.
When Ilvatar destroyed Nmenor Aman was removed from the world and thereafter only the ships of the elves could sail to it. Just east of Aman lies the elves' island of Tol Eressea. Middle-earth The realm of mortals. The name "Middle-earth" is a translation of the Old English "Middangeard"?
Most of the events in Tolkien's work take place in the northwestern region of Middle-earth. The characters in The Lord of the Rings , with the exception of Saruman , have little knowledge of what lies to the south and east. Arnor was founded in the the Second Age , after the destruction of Nmenor. Its first ruler was Elendil, who was high king of both Arnor and Gondor.
The tenth king of Arnor, Earendur, split the realm between his three sons, so it later comprised Arthedain, Cardolan, and Rhudaur. It was home to great Elven cities and saw the arrival of the first race of men?
The evil Morgoth lived in the north. Beleriand was destroyed and was lost beneath the sea during the defeat of Morgoth. Most of the events recorded in the The Silmarillion take place in Beleriand.
It is guarded by a watchtower manned by orcs and Shelob , an ancient evil. Three thousand years later it is haunted by the spirits of those who perished in battle.
0コメント